What day was the next day? Why did the people come to Moses for judgment?
Verse 16 states,

Notice, Moses was judging the people in solving disputes. The reason people were coming to him was due to the fact that they had just received the laws, the statutes, and judgments from God on Pentecost. The day after Pentecost they offered sacrifices, and the next day (the morrow), the Israelites came to Moses so he could judge and solve disputes.

Remember, when God spoke to Israel, a carnal people, they did not want God to speak directly with them. They asked Moses to be a mediator. God yielded to their request, allowing Moses to stand as the mediator of the Old Covenant. Moses therefore held a position unique in human history for he typified Christ in a way that no other human ever would. No other human has ever stood between God and man except Christ. As Moses was the mediator of the Old Covenant so Christ is the mediator of the New Covenant and all have access to Christ directly, not through a hierarchy of men.

Since the people did not have a direct relationship with God, they needed Moses to judge them and to solve their disputes. However, Moses could not judge the entire nation of Israel by himself, so Jethro recommended the establishment of a judicial system to solve disputes. Though this system was structured with captains of thousands, hundreds, fifties and tens, the system was non-hierarchical. In a hierarchical system directives flow from the top down through a chain of command. Thus in a hierarchy, the superior initiates contact with his subordinate. However, in Exodus 18, we do not see the judges initiating contact with those who had a disputes. Rather the reverse was true. When two people had a dispute, they took their matter before the lower court, the captain of ten, to have the matter resolved. If the captain of ten did not know God's judgment in the matter (for all judgment was based on God's law and the will of God), then the matter was carried to a higher court, captain of fifty. This system prevented the smallest matters from going before Moses. However, it was not a system that gave the captains of fifties power to direct the affairs of those who were captains of tens. Neither did it empower those who were captains of tens to direct the affairs of those they judged. They simply made known the express will of God when a judgment was needed. These judges also provided leadership because they were chosen from among those who were already serving as elected elders.

Speaking of election, it is also interesting to note that these judges were elected by the people; they were not chosen from the top down by Moses. Notice this in Deuteronomy 1:12-13,

Though Moses initiated the judicial system and gave the judges their charge -- the judges were chosen by the children of Israel from among those who were already serving as elders (known wise men) in Israel.

So when we examine Exodus 18 in its proper context, the events do not support hierarchical government at all. Exodus 18 recounts the establishment of a judicial system in the nation of Israel, not a government system; and the judicial system was non-hierarchical. The idea that God established a pyramid form of government in Exodus 18, by which he ruled Israel for all time is simply not scriptural. This is further disproved by the very fact that God never ordained successors to the seat of Moses with one typical and one actual exception. That being the exception of Joshua as a type of Yeshua (Jesus).

Moses' mission was to bring Israel from Egypt to the Promise Land. Yet, because of sin, Moses could not complete his mission. The lesson for us is that with Moses alone we can never enter the Promise Land. We need Yeshua to bring us in. This was typified by Joshua (same in Hebrew as Yeshua) who was allowed by God to fulfill the latter part of Moses' mission by leading Israel into the Promise Land. In that one sense alone, Joshua sat in Moses' seat.

However, after Joshua God appointed no successor -- proving that God never intended to work through just one man. If God's government was hierarchical and structured after the model of a pyramid, God would always have to appoint someone to the top human position in order to lead his people. The very fact that God appointed no one shows that God does not work through pyramids. Pyramids are pagan structures built by civilizations who neither knew nor worshipped the true God.

God allowed Moses to be a mediator as a type of Christ, but even then God (Jesus) was Israel's king. The mediation was meant to be temporary and even during the time of mediation, God visibly led the entire nation by a pillar of cloud in the day and fire by night. Every Israelite was expected to follow God. Once Moses died, God expected them to follow him directly. They were to look to God as their leader. That God expected this is clearly seen in 1 Samuel 8 in the account of Israel asking Samuel for a human king. God's response to their request was:

Patterns of God's Government

God's structure of government follows a pattern or model evidenced in nature and in life. An example of this is seen in our solar system by the relationship of the sun and the planets that orbit around the sun. The sun's connection with each planet is independent of the sun's connection to other planets. The sun has a direct connection with each planet regardless of each planet's proximity to the sun. The solar system is non-hierarchical. Yet the sun is clearly the ruling body. Likewise in the human body, the head rules the body but not through a hierarchy. We cannot say that the eye is over the hand because it's closer to the head or a part of the head. Nor could we say that it is more important. Every part of the body is equally important.

The same is true in the Church. Jesus Christ (God) is the living head of the Church. He expects us to look to him and to him alone and to follow Him. We are not to follow men. Since we have God's Holy Spirit, we should not fall after the same example of disobedience that we read about in 1 Samuel 8 by asking God to give us a man to lead us. We should be content to follow God through his spirit.

In fact, we are warned not to follow men in Jeremiah 17:5. Here the Eternal says,

God does not require his children to have to trust men and what they tell us. That's why he has given each one of us access to His Word. We have direct access to God.
The New Testament Church is a spirit-led church. It is not a human organization. It is a spiritual organism where the living head is Jesus Christ himself.
Jesus said,

God uses the vine to typify organization of the Church. In God's model, every member is a branch. Every member in the true church is connected directly to Christ with no intermediaries. By using the vine, Jesus showed us that God's government does not take the form of a pyramid. He did not give us the idea that members are connected to him through a descending chain of command. The structure of the church is not a tree structure. It is a vine structure.

The Apostle Paul outlines the only chain of command that exists in 1Corinthians 11:3. He says,

The chain is from the Father, to Christ to each family. Each family reports directly to Christ, not through a chain of human leaders. Paul did not say the head of every man is his local minister and the head of every minister is the local evangelist, and the head of every evangelist is his apostle and the head of the apostle is Christ. Such a structure would in fact contradict the very first commandment because when we have men standing between us and God, we are guilty of idolatry.

The scripture says no man can serve two masters. Paul said, there is One Lord (Eph 4:5). Yet, in hierarchical systems, those on lower levels have more than one Lord, for they must answer to those who are above them in rank. Each rank exercises lordship over those under them. To operate successfully in such structures, each person learns to please the man above him in rank. But Paul said,

You can't be a servant of Christ and at the same time be required to follow the dictates of men. There is only one true head that we need to submit to and that head is Christ.

God

The Father

We don't have to answer to men. We are not accountable to the dictates of men. For this reason Paul says,

The hierarchical structure of government hinders the leadership of Christ in the Church. As if through a funnel, the works of Jesus are thought to be channeled through one man, and from him they are thought to trickle down to the rest of the congregation as delegated by the one man. In this model of government, Jesus is thought to only communicate to members through the one man, who for the church stands in the place of Christ. An example of this would be seen if God were to give an unordained member the gift of healing or gift of prophecy. In Churches using the hierarchical structure, such a member would not be allowed to use the gift in the church without first seeking approval from the ministry. In most cases, if a member claimed to have the gift of prophecy, he was told that the spirit speaking to him may not be of God, but could be a demon.

Recently, a long time evangelist, trained by Herbert W. Armstrong, said that he would not accept anyone who said they were a prophet unless God spoke to him first and told him so. He even suggested that he may one day choose on his own to ordain someone to the "rank" of prophet.

This type of hindrance is common place in churches that are organized in a hierarchical manner. Such structures stop Jesus from directly leading the Church. In effect, an organization that incorporates an hierarchical form of government is telling God that you cannot lead these members except through me.

How God leads His Church: The Book of Acts

Now let's notice in the book of Acts how God leads the Church of God by His Spirit. The true Church of God is a Spirit-led Church. It is not the church of men or a man, but in every sense the Church of God.

After Jesus was resurrected and after he was seen by many in the space of about forty days, He instructed His disciples to remain in Jerusalem and,

Before the arrival of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost, the disciples were all together in one place, number about one hundred and twenty all together (see 1:15). Peter then discusses with the entire group the need for a replacement for Judas. From this discussion we learn a couple of things about the structure of the Church.

First, every disciple was involved in the decision making process. When it says,

it is apparent that the entire 120 members participated in making this appointment. If this had taken place in the days of WCG, the man at the top of the pyramid would have made the decision and would not have involved the general membership in the process.

Second, we see from this example the true qualifications of an Apostle. True Apostles were in every Biblical case, eye witnesses of the resurrected Jesus Christ. Apostleship was a special gift given to the Church to bear witness that Jesus rose from the dead according to the scriptures. This gift was given so that the New Testament could be written. This is why Paul was inspired to write that the Church was

Third, we notice that the saints did not seek their own will in this decision. Neither did they look to any man for direction. They wanted God to make the final decision. Since they did not yet possess the Holy Spirit they cast lots so that God's will would be made know. However, once the disciples received the Holy Spirit, they did not need to cast lots any more -- for God was in them and directed them through His Spirit.

In Acts 2, we read about the birth of the New Testament Church through the outpouring of God's Holy Spirit. Contrary to the hierarchical structure, the spirit was given directly by God to every member present. If God's form of government was pyramidal, He should have given the Holy Spirit to Peter alone, who in turn would have given it to the other Apostles, who in turn would have laid hands on the rest of the one hundred and twenty to give them the spirit. But it didn't happen that way.

God dealt with everyone the same way. God acknowledged no ranks. Every saint received the Holy Spirit; and every saint was given divine utterance and spoke in tongues. God revealed that he planned to speak through all of the saints, not just a special few.
In Acts chapter 6, seven men were chosen to serve in the Church. This incident also reveals a lot about government in the Church. Notice first of all that the Apostles did not choose the servants themselves. Instead, they said,

Their selection mirrored that which took place in Exodus 18 and Deuteronomy 1:13.
Secondly, we notice that the men who were chosen were charged with the moral oversight of the food being distributed daily to the widows in need. Nowhere in this chapter were they referred to as deacons. They were ministers in every sense of the word, and were actually chosen as elders in the Church. Their selection and the subsequent laying on of hands of the Apostles served to confirm what God was already doing through them and to give them special charge and oversight in the local Church.

These elders did not take orders from the 12 Apostles. They were directed by Jesus Christ. Stephen didn't have to seek permission from Peter to teach in synagogue -- he was empowered by Christ (v. 8-10).

After Stephen was martyred, we see that all of the saints were involved in preaching the gospel and that they were not looking to men for instructions. We read,

From these verses we clearly see that everyone was preaching the Gospel. The work of God was not a one man show.

As the history of the early Church continues in Acts 8:5, we are given the account of how one disciple who was scattered by the persecution preached the word. We see Philip, who was one of the seven going into Samaria preaching the gospel, healing sickness and casting out demons. As a result of Philip's preaching, almost everyone in the city got baptized. Philip didn't have to seek authorization from "headquarters" before baptizing, he simply did whatever the Spirit led him to do. Had he been a part of WCG, he would have been disfellowshipped for acting without authorization.

The Apostles were given a special gift to back up the witness they were giving of the resurrection. Whomever they laid hands on received the Holy Spirit in a visible way. A tongue of fire would fall on their head and they would speak in tongues. That these visible signs were manifest is attested to by the fact that Simon the sorcerer

This special gift was not given to the Apostles to prevent others from performing baptisms, but to enhance the preaching of the Apostles' witness. God backed them in a special way. Nevertheless, the Holy Spirit given to all who repented, and were baptized according to the scriptures (Acts 2:38). Peter said,

Once Philip had completed what God wanted him to do in Samaria the Spirit led Philip toward the South unto Gaza where he met a man of Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority

Those who teach the hierarchical structure love to quote the next few verses which read,

From this they say that we need a man to guide us. However, they tend to forget that this conversation took place while the eunuch was yet unbaptized and without the Holy Spirit. As we continue reading though, we see that Philip preaches Jesus. As they passed by water the eunuch asked to be baptized.

Once baptized, the eunuch didn't need a man to guide him anymore. The Spirit took the man away. From henceforth the eunuch would be led by the Spirit. Jesus Is The Living Head of His Church.

In Acts 9 we read about the calling of the Apostle Paul. If the Church was structured like a pyramid, then Christ should have revealed to Peter the "supposed chief Apostle", that He was going to call Paul. In fact, Peter should have been the one sent to Paul instead of Ananias. But God didn't reveal Paul's calling to Peter at all. God called Paul and Paul began preaching immediately without any mention of Peter. In Galatians, Paul elaborates on this fact to show that his Apostleship was not from man. It's also interesting to note in Acts 9:20 that as soon as Paul was converted, he began preaching Christ. This would never be allowed in a hierarchical structure. If a person came into WCG and began preaching, even if he said God told him to do it, it would not be allowed, and the person would be disfellowshipped if he persisted.

In Acts 10, God uses Peter to bring the first Gentiles into the Church. In chapter 11:2 we find the members contending with Peter for letting them come in. This proves that Peter, like the elders of ancient Israel, was accountable to those he served. He was not above the other saints in rank. He couldn't threaten to disfellowship anyone who dared question him. Nor did he at any point attempt to prove he was right by virtue of his "position" in the Church, for there are no ranks in the body of Christ. Rather, Peter explains that God revealed this to him in a vision, and based on what God was doing, and the vision that Peter received "they held their peace" (Acts 11:18).

In Acts 13 God speaks directly to a small group of prophets and teachers. None of the original 12 were present. No instruction came to this group through a chain of human leaders. The Holy Spirit simply said,

Again, by this example, God clearly illustrates that His church is not organized in a pyramid hierarchical manner. Once they were instructed by the Spirit, they did what God directed them to do. If God tells you to do something, what more approval do you need?

Acts 15 illustrates how a doctrinal problem was solved. Notice that when this problem arose, Paul didn't try to "pull rank." If he was at the top of a pyramid over the Churches he served, there wouldn't even have been any need for a conference. The fact that they held a conference, proves that there were no ranks in the Church. It's also important to note that everyone in the Church at Jerusalem participated in the discussion. In verse 4 we see,

Afterwards, the certain Pharisees rose up and raised the dispute. Then they all got together to resolve the issue with all the Apostles and elders. We know that the entire Church was involved in the discussion because the multitude is referred to in verse 12, and when James summarized the conclusion, we read,

We often quote Acts 17:11, but we don't often focus on the anti-hierarchical nature of the verse. Starting in verse 10 we read,

If Paul were at the top of a pyramid, his word would carry some weight. But Paul didn't expect anyone to accept his word. He had no authority of himself. Paul confirmed that all authority rests in the Word of God. If each member of the Church must prove everything from the Word of God himself, then each member need only follow the Word of God. The Word of God is the Head of the Church. We don't have to follow men.

Men can guide us to the words of Christ. Men may have gifts that enable them to see things others may not of themselves clearly see. Nonetheless, such men must not strive to be the authority themselves. Their role is simply to help people see the expressed will of God. Every member of the Church must be following God.

In Acts 18, we read about a certain Jew named Apollos. Apollos was teaching in the synagogue knowing only the baptism of John. He didn't have to wait for an "ordained" minister to authorize him to teach. He wasn't even asked to take a back seat, in spite of his incomplete understanding of the gospel. Instead, Aquila and Priscilla, simply pulled him aside and expounded unto him the way of God more perfectly. And immediately they encouraged him to keep right on preaching, even sending him forth with a letter of recommendation.

Clearly, from all that we've examined, scripture does not support a hierarchical structure of government in God's Church. The scriptures consistently show that God works directly with each member through the written Word, and through the Living Word by His Spirit.

No Hierarchy---Anarchy?

Yet, some would argue, if we don't have hierarchy, won't we have anarchy?
Absolutely not!

Anarchy literally means "no head", for the root word "arch" means head. The prefix "hier" means "priests" (see Webster's Dictionary). In a "hier-archy" the priests have become the head of the Church. This is obviously contrary to the structure God has placed in His Church, for God has placed Christ as the head of the Church. The true structure of government in the Church is not a hierarchy, it is what we might call a "Christ-archy," "christocracy," or simply a "Theocracy" -- "Theos" of course being the Greek word for God.

In God's Church, He is the Head. When men let Christ lead, we don't end up with confusion and anarchy. Christ is capable of leading his Church, and the book of Acts gives ample testimony to this fact.

Furthermore, Jesus commanded his disciples not to use a hierarchical form of government. In Matthew 20:20-26 we read of an incident where the mother of James and John, along with her sons, lobbied for the "top" two positions in the Kingdom under Christ.

Jesus tells her, "Ye know not what ye ask" (v. 22). She obviously didn't understand God's structure of Government. In the Kingdom of God, everyone will sit with Christ in his throne. There won't be any "top" positions under Christ. We will all rule with Christ as a family. Jesus promised,

Everyone who enters God's kingdom will share in the rulership of the world. We will lead the nations as a family, as a Kingdom of priests. All who sit with Christ on His throne will be given

After Jesus explained that he could not give them such a position above the other saints whom he had called, the other ten Apostles, having overheard the discussion,

The command not to exercise hierarchical control over others is as direct as any of God's commandments. Jesus said, "IT SHALL NOT BE SO AMONG YOU! "

Hierarchy and the Pharisees

In Matthew 23, Jesus adds to this instruction by upbraiding the Pharisees for attempting to exercise hierarchical control. He says,

This is obviously the correct meaning of the Greek, for Jesus never suggested that the Pharisees had authority from God to direct the lives of anyone. All throughout the Gospels, Jesus instructed his disciples to disregard the teachings of the Pharisees. The Pharisees thought they were above the masses, but Jesus showed that they were above no one.
Speaking of them he said,

Jesus told us not to call men Rabbi because we are all brethren. The only one over us is Christ. Jesus is our Master. Everyone else is on the same level. There are no ranks in the body of Christ.

Jesus continued saying,

Though we abstained from using the title "Father" in reference to the ministry, we did use the title "Mr." which is an abbreviation for "Mister" which according to Webster's Encyclopedic dictionary of the English language is a variation of the word "Master." We used "Mr." as a religious title and broke the spirit of Christ's instruction -- creating a division in the membership. In the WCG members were divided into two classes -- clergy and laity. This division is contrary to the scriptures. According to Christ, we are all brothers with no class divisions.

Misunderstood New Testament Scriptures

With all this understood, let's turn now to the other two scriptures that have been commonly misused by those who teach hierarchical government in the Church -- Ephesian 4:11 and 1 Corinthians 12:28.

In both cases the subject being discussed is spiritual gifts, not rank or office. Let's begin with Ephesians 4:11. Earlier in the chapter, Paul reminds us that

The true Church is a spiritual organism not limited to any human corporate structure. All who have the Holy Spirit are a part of the body of Christ.
Paul continued, saying there is

Consistently these words affirm a non-hierarchical structure in the Church.

At this point, Paul begins to discuss certain gifts Jesus has given to the church to equip every member for the work of the ministry. Paul states,

Clearly the positions discussed in the following verses are the gifts that Jesus gave to men. The gifts are listed as follows:

These gifts are not ranks in the Church, and the order of the listing in no way implies a hierarchical structure. This is proved by examining the gifts listed in the original Greek and understanding how these gifts were used in the Church. For example, the gift translated as "teachers" comes from the Greek word "didaskalos," Strong's Concordance #1320. Didaskalos is used in the New Testament 58 times and most often in reference to Christ. Jesus was a "didaskalos" (teacher). Was he under the Apostles in rank?

"Evangelists" is translated from the Greek word, "euaggelistes" (Strong's #2099). This word is used three times in the New Testament. The first use of the term is in Acts 21:8. Here we read,

This Philip is referred to as one of the seven who were chosen to serve in Acts 6. Here he is called an evangelist. Yet, nowhere do we ever see Philip raised in rank. He didn't start off as a teacher, then get raised to the rank of pastor, and then raised again to the rank of evangelist. Evangelism is a gift. It simply means a preacher of the Gospel as opposed to an office of rank.

Now let's turn to 1 Corinthians 12. Immediately, we notice that the chapter starts off stating

The subject of this chapter is gifts, not ranks. This fact is confirmed by the last verse in the chapter which states,

The reason this chapter was written was due to the fact that some in the Church thought they were superior to others based on the gift they possessed. Paul was therefore inspired to explain,

Paul in these verses made it clear that these gifts do not elevate one man over another. He stressed that regardless of who had which gift, it was God doing the work through His Spirit. Paul also stressed here that God gave the gifts to whomever He willed. Since any member could receive any gift, we realize that God was not in any way validating a hierarchical structure.

As Paul continues in the chapter, he uses the body as an analogy to explain that all the members in the Church are equal regardless of what gift they might have. Rather than supporting hierarchy, this chapter actually refutes it.

As we approach the often misused verse (v. 28) we read, starting in verse 27,

Some erroneously assume that this listing of gifts are actually descending ranks. Yet, we have already proved that the context of the chapter is gifts, not ranks. Further, we see that several of the gifts mentioned in the list cannot even be thought of as ranks. Have you ever seen anyone ordained to the rank of "diversities of tongues?" Can one be raised from the rank of "healings" to the rank of miracles? Or teachers?

Nothing in this chapter supports the notion that these gifts are offices in the Church. As Paul continues his letter in chapters 13 and 14, he shows that love is more important than any other gift (ch. 13), and encourages all of the members to pray for the gift of prophecy (ch. 14). If members had to rise in rank to receive this gift, Paul would not have encouraged them to pray for the gift. Further, in chapter 14, we see that various members had various gifts, and that these gifts carried with them no connotation of rank.

The Word of God is consistent from the beginning, straight through to the end -- Jesus Christ is the living head of the Church. He is the vine, and all the members are connected directly to Christ in a vine structure, not through a chain of human leaders as represented in a corporate tree structure or pyramid. As members of the body of Christ, we have one head -- one arch. The "arch" of the Church is Christ.

Author: Unknown